Football rules and history Regulations

Introduction

Football rules and history trace back thousands of years to ancient games in China, Greece, and Rome. Modern football began in 19th-century England, with the Football Association (FA) established in 1863, introducing the first official rules, the Laws of the Game. These rules standardized football globally. Over time, changes like the introduction of the red card (1980), the offside rule, and goal-line technology have made the game fairer, safer, and more enjoyable.

Football Court Size

Football Ball Specifications

Weight of the Ball for Men

The ball used in soccer should weigh between 410 grams and 450 grams at the start of the match.

Weight of the Ball for Women

Length and Width of the Ball

Length (circumference)

The ball should measure between 68 cm to 70 cm. If the ball weighs more than this, it may cause injury.

Width (diameter), It is about 22 cm

Additional Officials

Fourth Official

In some matches it is also at usually high levels.

The game is started with the help of the referee. And if the match is to be stopped, the referee signals and the match is stopped.

VAR (Video Assistant Referee)

And if any referees cannot make a decision during the game, video footage is used to review the decisions.

Time-Out and Match Restarts

Football rules and history Time-Out

There is no official time in regular football matches, so there are breaks in which the match is stopped and restarted.

Half-Time

The duration of the first half of football is 45 minutes followed by a 15-minute interval in which the players relax and then the match is restarted.

Cooling Breaks

During a football match, if the heat intensity is too high, a short break is allowed and then the football match is restarted.

Match Restarted

The match is restarted in a variety of ways including clear injury or ball going out of ground etc.

Kick-Off

After a goal is scored at the start of each half .

Throw-In

When the ball goes out above the sill line, it is called a throw-in

Goal Kick

When the ball crosses the line but the goal is not scored and the last attack was touched.

Corner Kick

When the goal crosses the goal line but no goal is scored and it was last touched by a player.

Free Kick/Penalty Kick

During the game, if a player violates the rules, he will attract the referee, and if he continues to violate the rules, the referee will send him off the ground as punishment or show him a yellow card and this card. There is a warning.

Drop Ball

If a match is stopped due to an external reason, later is used to start the game.

Field Dimensions

Length of the Ground

Football rules and history length of the Football rules and history field should be between 90 meters and 120 meters for standard matches and between 100 meters and 120 meters for international games. And the ground should be perfectly smooth so that the players do not face any problem.

Width of the Ground

The width of the football ground should be between 45 meters and nine meters for standard matches and between 74 meters and 75 meters for international games.

Center Line

The center line divides the field into two equal halves. It runs across the width of the field passing through the center circle.

Side Line

The side lines, also known as touch lines, run along the long edges of the field and define the boundaries of the playing area.

Penalty Kicks: The penalty spot is 12 yards 11 meters from the goal. A penalty is awarded to the opposing team when a player goes against the rules or hits or injects an opposing player or abuses a position.

What is the History of Basketball?

Basketball is a fast-paced game in which players score points at high speed. It was invented in December 1991 by James Naismith, a physical education instructor from Canada who was trying to create an indoor game. The game can be played in winter. Naismith wrote the 13 basic rules of the game that hung a peach basket at each end of the gymnasium. The first game had 9 players per team and ended with a score of 1-0. Over the years the game evolved and peach baskets were replaced by earth rims, reducing the number of players per team to five.

Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the world with numerous premier leagues such as the NBA in the United States and various sister international competitions including the Olympics.

And after this game was included in Olympics, it gained a lot of popularity and this game is very popular in the world.

Basketball Rules and Regulations

Basketball has several basic rules that govern the procedure during the game, the main points of which are as follows.

Teams

Each team consists of five players including one center, two forwards and two guards. Players score by throwing the ball into the opposing team’s pool to get a score.

Self-controlled

The objective is to score points by hitting the goal through the opposing team’s hoop basket while preventing the opposing team from scoring.

Time

The duration of a standard game is played in four quarters. Each quarter lasts 12 minutes in the NBA and 10 minutes in the FIBA international games. If the match is tied, the overtime period is played.

Scoring

Field Goals

A field goal basket is worth 2 points and if taken inside the three-point line or beyond the three-point line, the points are awarded to the opposing team by 3 points.

Free Throws

A free throw is worth one point awarded to the opposing team.

Fouls

During the game, if a player hits, pushes, or abuses any player of the opposing team, it is unacceptable and the referee gives him a warning. If he does not stop, he is disqualified by the referee, and he is given a red card and thrown out of the game.

Dribbling

Players must bounce the ball while running to move it across the court. If a player does not double it, a foul is called and the ball is taken back, or traveling without running. is known from which changes the result.

Possession game

Each team alternates possession after a basket, and the team that loses possession can try to defend and recover the ball, otherwise the opposing team will continue to attack in their pool and score points. Will remain.

Time Violations

Any player of a team can hold the ball for 24 seconds, if they hold the ball for more than that time, the ball will be given to the opposing team and will be declared a foul. Within 24 seconds, the ball is short. Must click.

24-second shot clock

The team must move the ball within eight seconds after the half code or else it will be called a foul and the opposing team will be given a point by giving the ball to the opposing team and they will be allowed to score points for the opposing team.

8-second rule

A player may hold the ball in his hands for 3 seconds within the plenty area; if he stays longer than that, he is called a foul and the ball is taken back.

Equipment and Court Specifications

Ball

Standard basketball hoops for men are 29.5 inches and 75 cm, while for women they are 28.5 inches and 72 cm.

Court Dimensions

The length of the international basketball court is 28 meters (94 feet), and its width is 15 meters 50 feet.

The Hoop

A basketball hoop is placed at a height of 10 feet (3.05 m) from the ground.

Free Throw Line

The free throw line is 15 feet (4.57 m) from the hoop.

Duration of the Game

International basketball games are usually divided into four parts.

NBA

The duration of basketball is divided into four halves with the first half lasting 12 minutes and similarly divided into four halves the duration of the game is 48 minutes in which the players score points towards the opposing team.

FIBA (International)

The duration of the game at FIBM International is 40 minutes divided into four halves

If the game is tied at the end of regulation time, the winning team shall play an additional five minutes of overtime to decide.

Stoppages of the Game

The referee decides when and at what time to stop the basketball game.

Timeouts

A team may call a timeout to discuss strategies. Usually in an NBA game, the length and number of timeouts are limited to 6 timeouts per timeout.

Injuries

If any player gets injured during the game, the game is stopped immediately.

Fouls and Violations

Foul Free Throw If any player of the opposing team hits or attempts to block and is injured in the process, a free throw is awarded to the other team and the game is stopped.

Technical Foul

In basketball, the equivalent of a yellow card is that any player who argues with the referee or celebrates too much during the game is flagged and the opposing team is awarded a free throw in which the player throws to the opposing team. And earn points.

Disqualification (ejection)

A player may be disqualified from the game if he accumulates six too many fouls in the NBA.
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The Laws of Hockey

The laws of hockey has its origins in ancient times. Among similar sports, hockey was invented by the Greeks and Egyptians about 4,000 years ago. And then modern hockey was invented in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1986, hockey in London. The association established the first formal set of rules. Hockey was first played by men in 1908 and later became an Olympic sport by women in 1980.

Rules and regulation

Number of hockey players

Before starting the laws of hockey game, each team has 11 players including a goalkeeper.

Game Duration

The duration of the game is 60 minutes and it is divided into four halves of 15 minutes each in which players shoot goals towards the opposing goal. There is a two-minute interval between quarters and a 10-minute half-time interval in which the players relax a bit before the game resumes.

Stoppage and restart

If a foul is committed during the match or an injury to any player becomes a problem or the ball goes out of the ground during the match, the match is stopped. And then the match is restarted by free hit plenty corners or push-off. is started.

Field Measurements

Field Dimensions

The length of the hockey ground is 91.4 meters 100 yards

Length of hockey ground

Width of ground

And the width of the ground is 55 meters and 60 yards,

Penalty Area

Shooting circle or a D-shaped semi-circle with a radius of 16 yards 14.63 m from each goal post in which players shoot and shoot towards the opposing team.

Ball Specifications

The weight of hair is between 156 grams to 163 grams for men and women, which is also used internationally.

Material

Usually the ball is made of hard plastic, which is also used in the Olympics game

Hockey stick specifications

Material

The laws of hockey sticks are made from hardwood, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and other materials that players use in the game..

Weight

Hockey pucks weigh between 535g and 560g, which is used in the Olympics.

Officials

Number of hockey umpires

Two on-field umpires oversee the game and additional support is provided by video umpire technical personnel. It is an empire performing its duties.

Penalties and cards

Red card

During the game, if any player injures or causes any damage to any player of the opposing team, the match is stopped and he is warned, if he does not desist, he is given a red card and the game ends. is thrown out.

Yellow card

Any player who tries to injure or push any player of the opposing team during the match will be temporarily suspended from the game for 5 to 10 minutes and warned that if he If he commits such a mistake again, then red it.

Scoring and winning

Point

A team scores a point for each goal scored and the team with the most points wins, and in the event of a tie in a knockout match, an extra-time penalty shoot-out is awarded to decide the winner.